National Unity Day in Russia. Day of national unity in Russia Events in honor of the day of national unity
DOMODEDOVO, November 4, 2017, DOMODEDOVSKIE NEWS - This holiday was already celebrated in our country in the period from 1912 to 1917, but then was forgotten. About the holiday, its history and meaning - in the material of the correspondent of "Domodedovskie Vesti" Alexander Ilyinsky.
On these November days, the President of Russia lays flowers at the monument to Minin and Pozharsky on Red Square, and the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia serves the Divine Liturgy in the Dormition Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. On National Unity Day, patriotic organizations hold processions and sports competitions, and a rally-concert "Russia Unites" will be held in the capital.
The events about which history has made its unequivocal opinion include the liberation of Moscow from the Polish interventionists, which took place on November 4, 1612. The people, having overcome the Time of Troubles, were able not only to crush the external enemy, but also to realize themselves as a single nation, capable of independently equipping the internal life of the country. As long as we are united, we are invincible. That is why the date of November 4 is considered the day of national unity in Russia.
Tsar IvanIV and the consequences of his reign
By the beginning of the 17th century, the Russian kingdom was on the verge of collapse. The Sovereign of All Russia, John Vasilyevich IV, pursued in foreign policy the ancient, like the world, principle of all empires: "Divide and rule." And he did it at first quite successfully, pitting the neighbors against each other, and then absorbing their territories by military force. But worse, the king decided that this principle was universal. And transferred it to the internal life of the state. The slogan "divide and rule" became a disaster for the country. The new nominees of the tsar enthusiastically destroyed the old boyar elite. The state, which had recently and painfully overcome feudal fragmentation, was divided into two camps: the zemshchina and the oprichnina. Moreover, the guardsmen were given the right to extrajudicial reprisals and robbery of the rest of the population. The king's army went to war against its own cities, such as Veliky Novgorod and Pskov, Klin and Tver, destroying the remnants of autocracy. All internal opposition was exterminated, the tsar went through a roller of repressions not only among the boyars, but also among the clergy and merchants. And although John IV was smart enough to dissolve the oprichnina, the fruits of the experiment to divide the state into two hostile camps led to the defeat of Muscovite Russia in the Livonian War and the total impoverishment of the people. The peasants fled from tyranny to the outskirts of the state, where the Cossack freemen recognized the power of the tsar purely nominally.
John Vasilyevich died in 1584. History is more memorable than people. She conveyed to the descendants the true nickname of this ruler: John the Bloody. Only much later did another name appear in the people's memory: Ivan the Terrible. He was succeeded by his son - Tsar Fedor Ioannovich. But this sovereign was, as contemporaries said, "not of this world." And therefore, the nominee of John, the boyar Boris Godunov, became the de facto ruler of Russia, who had no choice but to crush any discontent in society with an iron hand. Godunov was smart. There were fewer public executions, but a whole apparatus was created to suppress dissent in the country and for total mutual denunciation. When Tsar Fyodor died, at a staged session of parliament, which in Russia was called the Zemsky Sobor, power was transferred first to his widow, and then to the brother of the dowager queen Irina. So the boyar Boris Godunov became king over fear-ridden Russia.
Tsar Boris Godunov and the collapse of the state
It seemed that Boris Godunov, who managed to advance even in the era of the reign of John IV, was quite coping with the role of head of state. He was engaged in construction, strengthened the borders, pursued a reasonable monetary policy and openly laughed at the impostor who appeared under the name of Dmitry Ivanovich within Western Russia. But the flames of unrest were already smoldering under the state building. Here the point is not even that Russia was affected by a pan-European cooling, which could not but worsen the situation of the people. First of all, it was turmoil "in the heads." Total fear gave rise to total anger. Many disturbing rumors reached the ears of the ruler. “The king is not real! - whispered throughout Russia. - Not natural! And everything collapsed in one moment.
On April 23, 1605, Tsar Borisu died and immediately internal contradictions flared up with a bright flame. A desperate struggle of boyar groups for power began. The son of Boris Godunov is killed. A riot of Cossack freemen breaks out like thunder before a thunderstorm on the outskirts of the state, which flows in crowds under the banner of False Dmitry I and is a real invasion of Central Russia. As an echo of Tsar John's campaigns against their cities, a civil war of Russians against Russians begins. Neither the murder of an impostor under patriotic slogans, nor the accession of Vasily Shuisky stops her. An attempt to convene a Zemsky Sobor fails. Pretenders for the throne appear like mushrooms after rain. The Russian kingdom, which for decades has been shackled by fear, explodes like a powder magazine and begins to fall apart. The surrounding states naturally try to “catch” their profit in the troubled waters of rebellion. Sweden invades the northern Russian borders, and Poland - in the west. In a panic, the boyar elite decides to invite the son of the Polish king Sigismund III, Prince Vladislav, to the kingdom, and swear allegiance to him. A limited contingent of Polish troops occupies Moscow. A real threat of loss of national independence hangs over Russia. And what is worse - violent Catholicism, a change of faith on the tips of Polish sabers.
Russian people, wake up!
In the conditions of the collapse of the state, the Orthodox Church remained the only unifying force in Russia. Patriarch Hermogenes managed to say a fiery "no" to what was happening and paid for his courage with his life. The Poles simply starved him to death in the Miracle Monastery. However, by this time the messages of the saint had already spread to all the cities and towns of Russia. “Russian people, Orthodox people,” the patriarch called out, “wake up!” In addition, the Trinity-Sergius Monastery became literally a bone in the throat of bandits and foreign invaders. The siege lasted for three years. And for three years the bells of the monastery and the letters of Abraham Palitsyn awakened the people's consciousness. Finally, the cup of people's patience overflows. Ordinary people are tired to death of general violence, betrayal of the boyars and the bacchanalia of the plunder of their native country. In the cities of the Volga region, people are beginning to create elected self-government bodies that take real power in the localities into their own hands and organize armed resistance to gangs of robbers and military teams of interventionists. Messengers are constantly jumping between cities, establishing communications lost in the general chaos. Cities under military danger begin to come to the rescue of each other. The Russian people woke up.
Minin and Pozharsky
The first organized anti-Polish uprising was led by Prokopy Lyapunov. But the invaders managed to bring discord between the nobles and the Cossacks, and therefore the assembled militia disintegrates, and its remnants suffer a military defeat on May 19, 1611.
However, the incessant correspondence between the cities continues. Under the Polish invaders, the earth begins to literally burn. Finally, in September 1611, the Nizhny Novgorod “trading man” Kuzma Minin takes on a case unheard of in Russia.
He, a man of the simplest, as they said then, "black" origin, takes on the financial side of the organization of the people's militia. Having established actual control over Nizhny Novgorod and a number of other cities, Minin first collects voluntary donations from the merchants, and then simply requisitions the missing funds from wealthy citizens. The collected money was enough to equip an entire army. Then this citizen performs an even more unheard-of act. Minin voluntarily shares his almost dictatorial powers and gives the leadership of the army to another person. They became the impoverished Novgorod prince Dmitry Pozharsky. Coming from the descendants of the Rurikovichs, Prince Dmitry possessed not only military experience, but also a quality that became the most valuable in turmoil-ridden Russia. He was crystal clear. The key to Minin's "strange" actions is simple: he was a man for whom the interests of the Motherland were above all else. So they went down in history: honest people - a citizen and a prince.
Liberation of Moscow
The army assembled by Minin and Pozharsky was more than impressive at that time. More than ten thousand militias and a thousand professional archers made up the backbone of the infantry. The cavalry was represented by the Cossack corps, exceeding 3,000 sabers. The artillery consisted of about a hundred guns - a huge figure for those times. In October 1612, the army laid siege to Moscow. The Kazan icon of the Mother of God became the actual banner of the rebellious people. On November 4, the last stronghold of the Polish interventionists in the capital, the Moscow Kremlin, was taken.
Even though the fighting continued for a long time, and the destroyed state structure had to be restored for many years, the date of the capture of Moscow by the people's militia - November 4 - was a turning point. The people realized their strength. He realized that the cities, scattered over thousands and thousands of kilometers, are not just "the sovereign's allotments", but a single organism. And the inhabitants of the cities are not just Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan or Yaroslavl. They are primarily Russian people who are responsible for their state. It was this responsibility and the unity of the people that dictated the rapid convocation of the Zemsky Sobor. The cities promptly sent their delegates, who ended the dynastic crisis by electing Mikhail Romanov to the royal throne.
Interestingly, Minin and Pozharsky, who owned all the levers of power, quite calmly gave it to the Zemsky Sobor. And Pozharsky, at his own expense, also built a church on Red Square - the Kazan Cathedral. Thus, by the will of a single people, Russia was preserved as an original independent state.
Dates and personalities that unite the country
There are historical dates that separate people. November 7 is one of such controversial milestones in our history. There are monuments that cause heated debate. An example of such a monument is the sculpture of Tsar Ivan the Terrible in Orel. The tsar, during whose reign the borders of Russia expanded to the east, shed too much human blood for his figure to be perceived unambiguously by descendants. But there are monuments and dates that unite people. These include the monument to “Citizen Minin and Prince Pozharsky. Grateful Russia" on the Red Square of our capital.
This, of course, will be a monument to a native of Domodedovo land - a warrior and an artist, a figure in Russian culture and the church, Archimandrite Alipy (Voronov). The editors of Domodedovskie Vesti, which put forward the initiative to create it, believe that it will definitely be created. Simply because individuals like Minin and Pozharsky, Ushakov and Suvorov, Pushkin and Tchaikovsky, Surikov and Alipy Voronov are the pride of the entire Russian people.
National Unity Day
This page of history can always be opened. The unity and inner core of our people is not a myth, it is a reality. This is what the Day of National Unity is dedicated to, which has been officially celebrated in our country since 2005, and unofficially for four hundred years. Under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, November 4 became the feast of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and a day of special gratitude to God. From 1912 to 1917, this day has already managed to visit the state. In 1917, this holiday was destroyed, but the date of November 4 has always been in our calendar and lived in the Russian soul. In Domodedovo, the main events of the holiday will traditionally be held in the city park of culture and recreation "Yolochki". And solemn divine services will be served in all Orthodox churches of the city district.
Happy holiday!
Alexander Ilyinsky
Photos and illustrations from open sources - Kazan icon of the Mother of God/ "Patriarch Hermogenes" Pavel Chistyakov/ Siege of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. Lithography/“Minin and Pozharsky” Mikhail Scotti /“The Expulsion of the Poles from the Kremlin” Ernst Lisner /“The Election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the Tsardom by the Zemsky Sobor”. Chronicle miniature / Monument to Minin and Pozharsky on Red Square in Moscow
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National Unity Day has been celebrated in Russia every year on November 4 since 2005. The history of the Russian state holiday, dedicated to the rallying of the Russian people, dates back to 1612. Then the fighters of the people's militia, led by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky, stormed Kitai-gorod and eventually forced the garrison of the Commonwealth to retreat. In memory of this victory, Prince Pozharsky, who entered the conquered territory with the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, promised to build a temple. And in the 30s of the XVII century, the Kazan Cathedral was erected on Red Square. On National Unity Day, festive festivities, concerts and performances are held throughout the country.
The history of the holiday on November 4 - National Unity Day - why is the holiday called so
On December 16, 2004, the State Duma of the Russian Federation adopted simultaneously in three readings amendments to the Federal Law "On the Days of Military Glory (Victory Days of Russia)". One of the amendments was the introduction of a new holiday - National Unity Day - and the actual transfer of the state holiday from November 7 (Day of Accord and Reconciliation) to November 4. Currently, November 7 is celebrated as the Day of Military Glory of Russia - the Day of the military parade on Red Square in the city of Moscow (1941).
The explanatory note to the draft law noted: “On November 4, 1612, the militia soldiers led by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky stormed Kitay-gorod, freeing Moscow from Polish invaders and demonstrating a model of heroism and solidarity of the entire people, regardless of origin, religion and position in society".
Festive program in Moscow parks on National Unity Day
It should be noted that on November 4, 2017, from 18:00 to 06:00 in the capital's galleries, museums, theaters, libraries and other cultural venues, about 300 creative events will be held as part of the Art Nights project!
Where to go in Moscow on November 4 on National Unity Day
Festive events dedicated to the Day of National Unity will be held in all districts of the capital. It will be fun and interesting. Moscow parks have prepared an extensive entertainment program for National Unity Day 2017. Let's clarify where to go for the holiday on November 4, what will surprise the poster, what you can see on the Day of National Unity in Sokolniki, Kuzminki and other parks. A few days off will allow you to visit many places, but we will tell you about the festive program prepared in Moscow parks on such days:Festive program in parks and museums of Moscow on November 4, 2017
National Unity Day in Lianozovsky Park
National Unity Day will be celebrated on November 4 in Lianozovsky Park. The main theme of the holiday is the history of Russia. It will consist of several blocks: a competition of historical costumes of the 16th-17th centuries, a demonstration battle "Time of Troubles" with the use of artillery, duels with swords and sabers. Also, guests of the park will be able to shoot weapons from the 16th-17th centuries and see the Cossack dance with swords. National Unity Day in Fili Park
On November 4, National Unity Day is celebrated throughout Russia, and in 2017 Fili Park prepared an extensive entertainment program for guests. The fair will run all day, where you can buy interesting handmade items: jewelry, toys, home and interior items, unusual gifts. For those who want to join the creativity, master classes will be held. Guests will learn how to make birdhouses, wood crafts and candlesticks from autumn leaves. An important part of the holiday will be folk fun and festivities. Everyone will compete in dexterity, courage and ingenuity, learn teamwork and, importantly, keep warm - outdoor games will not let you get bored. The bright end of the day will be a concert at which folklore groups of the capital will perform: "Zakrutikha", "Zernyshko" and "Heritage".Day of national unity in the center of folk culture "House of Romance"
On November 4 at 19:30, a charity concert “Russia is my Motherland!” Timed to coincide with the Day of National Unity will take place. The event will take place on the "Night of the Arts" in the center of folk culture "Romance House". The concert will be attended by the Club of Romance Masters, soloists of the Silver Voice studio, laureates of the Moscow competition of Russian romance performers Romansiade without Borders. The program will include songs by Soviet composers of the 1930s-1970s (Isaac Dunayevsky, Tikhon Khrennikov, Boris Mokrousov and others).Ball in honor of National Unity Day in Kolomenskoye
November 3, 2017 (at 19:00) in honor of the Day of National Unity in the theater and concert hall "Theater Mansion" of the palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich will be a ball. The program will include polonaise, mazurka, waltzes, polkas, quadrilles and other dances. Under the guidance of a dance master, guests will be able to learn the steps and immediately go to the floor. The ball will be held in two parts. During the intermission, exciting competitions, games and a light buffet will be arranged. Tickets are sold at the box office of the palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and on the museum's website.Performance by Kozma Zakharyich Minin-Sukhoruk in Kolomenskoye on National Unity Day
November 4, 2017 at 18:00, as part of the fourth city-wide action "Night of the Arts" in the concert hall "Theater Mansion" of the Palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the troupe of the Moscow State Historical and Ethnographic Theater will present the play Kozma Zakharyich Minin-Sukhoruk based on the play by A.N. Ostrovsky ( director - Mikhail Mizyukov).The action on the stage will take the audience back to the distant year 1611, when during the Time of Troubles the Polish invaders tried to conquer the Russian lands. The heroes of the play narrate on behalf of people of different classes, with different life values and guidelines. But, despite all the difficulties of human relationships, fate sends a savior to Russia, capable of awakening everything good and bright in people, rallying the people and leading them to the Great Battle for the liberation of Russian lands. Such a savior was Kuzma Minin, a Nizhny Novgorod merchant who managed to rally the people, collect the treasury and the army, who managed to defend Moscow by driving out the Polish invaders.
CHRONICLE OF EVENTS
In honor of National Unity Day, at three sites in the city center, guests can make an exciting journey through all regions of our country. The program includes folk concerts, folk games, craft and culinary master classes. Of course, it will not do without delicious dishes and the best goods from all over Russia. ()
According to the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, 1.5 million Russians took part in the events dedicated to the Day of National Unity
The flashmob has come to an end, the participants are gradually dispersing. The chairman of DOSAAF of the city of Moscow shared his emotions Vyacheslav Ninichenko who sang the anthem along with everyone.
What beautiful words in our anthem! I felt that we are all united, and if all the peoples living in our country are united in this way, then no one can defeat us. This is a very important event.
It should be noted that the organizers of the event are the "Culture of Nations" Foundation and DOSAAF of Russia with the support of the Union of Young Engineers of Russia.
VM correspondent Natalya Mezentseva reports from the Victory Museum:
The soloist, the winner of all-Russian and international competitions Artyom Verkholashin, has already begun to sing and entered the Hall of Fame. Other participants of the flash mob join him.
Among the participants are also representatives of different nationalities, religious denominations in traditional folk costumes, military men.
The people in the hall are watching the picture with admiration and surprise. Some pick up the familiar lines of the anthem and begin to sing along with the flash mob participants.
VM correspondent Gennady Okorokov reports from Sokolniki Park:
The center of the celebrations in honor of National Unity Day in Sokolniki Park was the central alley, where a stage was set up for performances by folklore groups.
They fervently urged those gathered to join them: to sing and dance. ()
National Unity Day in Sokolniki Park
Video: Gennady Okorokov
P e writes the correspondent of "VM" Polina Ermilova from the Central House of Artists:
For the little ones, the Magic Control Center is already operating at the festival - the official post office of Santa Claus is open here. Small Sveta Yartseva brought her letter especially to the festival in order to pre-order gifts for relatives and friends.
I asked for a dog for myself. The main thing is that mom and dad don’t mind, and Santa Claus receives a letter on time, the puppies are quickly sorted out, Sveta said.
Festival of the Russian Geographical Society in the Central House of Artists
Video: Polina Ermilova
VM correspondent Polina Ermilova reports from the Central House of Artists:
In the zone of crafts and crafts of Russia, master classes are held all day for adults and children. Representatives of the Vologda Oblast teach little Muscovites to carve medallions from birch bark, at the table of a carving master from Adygea, a Muscovite Anastasia Antonova for the first time tries himself in an unusual craft.
It looks simple, but in fact, incredible concentration is needed, - Anastasia shared. - The slightest inaccuracy - and everything needs to be redone. This is painstaking work.
At the table of Khanty-Mansiysk, both adults and the youngest gathered - here everyone can make a doll-amulet from colored shreds and rags. The animators assure that there will be enough materials for everyone.
Festival of the Russian Geographical Society. From the stage they play a song to the verses of Rozhdestvensky
Video: Polina Ermilova
VM correspondent Natalya Mezentseva reports from the Victory Museum:
Today, November 4, in honor of National Unity Day, the Victory Museum is preparing a flash mob "We are one", where a thousand people will sing the Russian anthem
Tourists walk around the hall of the museum, examine the exhibits and do not even suspect that in five minutes they will hear the Russian anthem.
Flashmob participants are among them and are no different from ordinary visitors to the museum.
According to the idea of the organizers of the flash mob, events should develop as follows: first one person will sing, and the rest will pick up.
HAVE AN OPINION
Day of Silence
Column by "VM" columnist Mikhail Vinogradov:
National Unity Day. On the sidelines of the State Duma twelve years ago it was smoky, sweaty, people nervously and without a visible purpose scurried around the floors - it was necessary to urgently abandon the celebration of the anniversary of the October Revolution. ()
The Wishing Tree grows in the center of the hall at the festival. Instead of leaves, it has multi-colored ribbons that decorate each branch and even the roots. Volunteers of the festival distribute bright ribbons to those who wish and warn that the main thing, when making a wish, is to believe in its fulfillment with all your heart.
I wished to successfully pass the first session and celebrate the New Year in my hometown, together with my parents, - the student shared Marina Klyuchko. - It seems to me that such a magical tree should be in every culture.
The correspondent of "VM" also tied a ribbon - according to tradition, red.
In the center of the festival, a "tree of desires" is growing, on which everyone can tie a ribbon, guessing the most secret
VM correspondent Polina Ermilova reports from the Central House of Artists:
The site of the festival of the Russian Geographical Society (RGS) in the Central House of Artists is divided into several thematic zones. Here you can get acquainted with the holidays, rituals and games of the peoples of Russia. Little Muscovite Yura Tumakov boasts that he beat his dad in the Dagestan game "Kick it all."
Here you need to knock out all the balls from the center of the circle with the help of this reel, - says Yura. - Dad walked better than me in snowshoes, but I aim better!
The correspondent of "VM" did not dare to compete with the young shooter, but with pleasure she tried her hand at the game "Bilbock", in Russia - "Bell". It was possible to catch a wooden ball in a special cone already on the second attempt.
Especially for the festival, Moscow and regional museums presented models of dwellings of various nationalities. In the Taimyr plague, animators in national costumes treat guests to chuka, a northern root crop. An artificial but warm bonfire is burning in the yaranga of the Nomad ethnopark, and wooden pipes are played in a Bashkortostan yurt. And in the hut of the Kuban Cossack it even smells of apples and hay - only a stove is missing for a complete entourage.
Next to the main stage, where lectures, musical performances and master classes are held all day, there are selfie zones for guests - in special mirrors you can take pictures in a national headdress of your choice.
Photo: Polina Ermilova, Evening Moscow
VM correspondent Polina Ermilova reports from the Central House of Artists:
Graffiti artists work at the entrance to the Central House of Artists. On white canvases they apply images in the national style of the northern peoples. Canvases with images will delight visitors to the festival until it ends.
VM correspondent Polina Ermilova reports from the Central House of Artists:
Muscovites are treated to national dishes in the "Kitchen of the Peoples of the North" tent. Among the most exotic delicacies are dumplings with wild venison, Buryat buuzy. For lovers of more traditional food, chebureks are fried on the spot, you can enjoy dumplings and cheesecakes.
For the first time I tried venison at this festival, - student Ivan Antipov shared. - Very unusual. The festival itself makes a very positive impression, a lot of nationalities, and a general atmosphere of friendliness. After lunch, I will definitely take part in some master class.
VM correspondent Polina Ermilova reports from the Central House of Artists:
A festival of the Russian Geographical Society has unfolded in the Central House of Artists in the Muzeon park these days. A multinational fair is open for guests on the site in front of the main entrance. In shopping chalets, representatives of the Far East and Central Asia offer a choice of their own products: wild berry jam, honey, furs, jewelry and souvenirs, and musical instruments. Muscovite Julia Dorozhkina I looked after myself a medallion-amulet with the image of the sun.
This is a wonderful festival, so many interesting things! - said a resident of the capital. - I took blackcurrant jam for my husband and daughter. Everything here is natural and tasty.
Reported by the correspondent of "VM" Polina Ermilova from Gorky Park:
Muscovites having a rest gradually come to Gorky Park. Despite the cold weather, many are going to celebrate National Unity Day in the fresh air.
Walking along the embankment here is a pleasure, - shared a Muscovite Anna Yurieva. - My friends and I will meet here in the evening to look at the beautiful Moscow at night and enjoy the holiday.
In the central part of the park, work continues on the construction of a stereo skating rink. Workers have already erected a part of the wooden path over the ice, the rental pavilions and changing rooms are pasted over with colorful prints.
I really like the color scheme, - said a resident of the area Andrey Shcherbatov. - I will definitely come to the opening of the ice rink with my friends. We've been skiing here every winter for four years in a row and the park never disappoints.
Preparing the ice rink in Gorky Park
The game "Udochka" is one of the most popular in Tver. Young Muscovite Oleg Kantemirov plays it for the first time. But despite this, the progress is impressive.
There is a little trick here, - Oleg shares the secret of success. - You need to gradually get up. Only slowly! So that other players do not notice it.
For each circle, he manages to touch almost every participant with a felt boot on a string. The correspondent of "VM" did not dare to play with him.
VM correspondent Pavel Yefimov reports from Revolution Square:
The concert from Manezhnaya Square can be heard for many hundreds of meters.
Not far from the stage, there are animators representing the most diverse parts of Russia. Here, for example, representatives of Karelia. They love to dance and provoke festival guests to do so.
It's a great way to warm up, says Muscovite Nikolai Nikitin, who has just stopped dancing. Apparently, he decided to take a break. - Besides, these guys (animators - approx. "VM") know the right moves. You can really learn something in a day.
Historically, this holiday is associated with the end of the Time of Troubles in Russia in the 17th century. The Time of Troubles - the period from the death in 1584 of Tsar Ivan the Terrible to 1613, when the first of the Romanov dynasty reigned on the Russian throne - was the era of a deep crisis in the Muscovite state, caused by the suppression of the royal dynasty of Rurikovich. The dynastic crisis soon developed into a national-state one. The united Russian state collapsed, numerous impostors appeared. Widespread robberies, robbery, theft, bribery, wholesale drunkenness hit the country.
It seemed to many contemporaries of the Time of Troubles that the final ruin of the "bright Muscovite kingdom" had taken place. Power in Moscow was usurped by the "seven boyars" headed by Prince Fyodor Mstislavsky, who let Polish troops into the Kremlin with the intention of placing the Catholic prince Vladislav on the Russian throne.
In this difficult time for Russia, Patriarch Hermogenes (Germogenes) called on the Russian people to stand up for Orthodoxy and expel the Polish invaders from Moscow. "It's time to lay down your soul for the House of the Most Holy Theotokos!" wrote the patriarch. His call was taken up by the Russian people. A broad patriotic movement began for the liberation of the capital from the Poles. The first people's (zemstvo) militia was headed by the Ryazan governor Prokopiy Lyapunov. But because of the strife between the nobles and the Cossacks, who, on false charges, killed the governor, the militia disintegrated. The anti-Polish uprising, which began prematurely in Moscow on March 19, 1611, was defeated.
In September 1611, the "trading man", the Nizhny Novgorod Zemstvo head Kuzma Minin, appealed to the townspeople with an appeal to create a people's militia. At the city meeting, he delivered his famous speech: “Orthodox people, let us want to help the Muscovite state, we will not spare our stomachs, but not only our stomachs - we will sell our yards, we will lay down our wives, children and we will beat with a brow so that someone becomes our boss. And what praise will be to all of us from the Russian land that such a great deed will happen from such a small city as ours.
At the call of Minin, the townspeople volunteered. But voluntary contributions were not enough. Therefore, a compulsory collection of the “fifth money” was announced: everyone had to contribute a fifth of their income to the treasury of the militia for the salaries of service people.
Minin himself gave all his savings to the organization of the militia, and his wife gave jewelry.
At the suggestion of Kuzma Minin, the 30-year-old Novgorod prince Dmitry Pozharsky was invited to the post of chief governor. He did not immediately accept the offer, agreed to be governor, on the condition that the townspeople themselves choose an assistant for him, who would be in charge of the treasury of the militia. And Minin became "an elected man by the whole earth." So at the head of the second zemstvo militia were two people elected by the people and invested with its full confidence.
Under the banners of Pozharsky and Minin, a huge army for that time gathered - more than 10 thousand serving local people, up to three thousand Cossacks, more than a thousand archers and many "subsistence people" from the peasants.
Representatives of all estates and all peoples that were part of the Russian state took part in the national militia, in the liberation of the Russian land from foreign invaders.
With the miraculous icon of the Kazan Mother of God, revealed in 1579, the Nizhny Novgorod Zemstvo militia managed on November 4, 1612 to storm Kitai-Gorod and drive the Poles out of Moscow. This victory served as a powerful impetus for the revival of the Russian state, and the icon became a subject of special veneration.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources
From November 4 to 6, four venues in the city center — Revolution Square, Manezhnaya and Tverskaya Squares, as well as Novy Arbat Street — will host the National Unity Day festival.
Muscovites and guests of the capital are waiting for goods and treats from all over the country, as well as bright performances by creative teams, craft and culinary master classes, and sports games and fun that are typical for various Russian regions.
Each of the sites has its own theme: on Revolution Square you can get acquainted with the culture and traditions of central Russia, on Tverskaya Square you can learn about the traditions of the peoples of Siberia and the Far East, a site on Novy Arbat will be dedicated to the Russian South-West, and on Manezhnaya Square - all Russian regions straightaway.
Over the three festive days, the festival will host more than 100 concerts and performances, 100 sports games and fun, and more than 400 master classes: 100 culinary and 300 crafts.
Revolution square
During the holiday weekend on the Revolution Square you can get acquainted with the rich culture of the regions of the center of Russia. Artists in folk costumes will offer guests folk games and fun. For example, here you can play cauldron - this version of field hockey was known in Russia more than a thousand years ago. Players in kilu (a kind of team ball game) will have to combine elements of football and power martial arts. Here you can also play gorodki and spillikins.
Visitors will get to know the world-famous folk crafts: Khokhloma painting, Vologda lace, Dymkovo toy. They will not only see samples of products, but will also be able to make them themselves in craft workshops. At the culinary school, chefs will show you how to cook dishes of Central Russian cuisine: Moscow kulebyaka, Volga-style pike perch, Bryansk potato pancakes and much more.
Folk groups and modern popular performers will perform on the open stage. In the trading chalets of the site, you can find meat delicacies, honey, Tula gingerbread and folk art: Pavlovo Posad shawls, Yaroslavl tiles, Yelets lace, felt toys and others.
Manezhnaya Square
The festive platform on Manezhnaya Square was dedicated to all Russian regions at once. Street performers will meet guests in national costumes and teach them the traditional pastimes of the Krasnodar Territory, the Republic of Crimea and Karelia, Ivanovo, Astrakhan, Amur, Sakhalin and other regions.
Some games will require dexterity and resourcefulness (Karelian olenpa, Arkhangelsk sack fight, Amur ice-water), others will resemble sports. Participants in the Ivanovo bogatyr tournament will throw a spear at a target on the run, and the participants in the Vologda pole will jump over a growing pyramid of firewood. In the Astrakhan tug-of-war, the teams will need to use considerable strength and skill to defeat opponents on the other side of the rope.
Those who can boast of wit and eloquence will like the Ryazan fun "Slower ride", where you need to make other players laugh. And the children will be offered the game "Frost" originally from the Magadan region - a cheerful round dance with elements of a tag. After such games and fun, it will be possible to have a bite - restaurateurs will offer guests dishes and drinks from all over the country.
Tverskaya Square
A festive platform on Tverskaya Square will be dedicated to the peoples of Siberia and the Far East. Guests will be greeted by artists in national costumes, and at the exhibition in the "Living Room" pavilion, one can study in detail the traditional clothes of the Russian North - the Evenk parka, the Tunguska caftan, the Chukchi kukhlyanka and much more.
Master classes will also be held there, where they will teach the crafts of this region. Folklore musical groups will perform - Altai throat singing and ethnic dances are waiting for the audience. Children will undoubtedly enjoy the interactive performance "Discovery of Siberia".
In the "Kitchen" you can learn how to cook national dishes of Siberia and the Far East - Eskimo akutak, Yakut kercheh and others, as well as cheer on the participants in the battle of chefs. Unusual gifts, souvenirs and treats will appear in the shopping chalets: folk musical instruments (Yakut and Khakas vargans, Altai and Belarusian ocarinas, Russian gusli), warm fur boots and felt boots, birch bark products, pine nuts, honey, fish and meat delicacies.
New Arbat
The festive site on Novy Arbat is dedicated to the regions located in the southwestern part of Russia - the Stavropol and Krasnodar Territories, North Ossetia, the Karachay-Cherkess, Kabardino-Balkarian and Chechen Republics.
A photo exhibition will open here, which will introduce you to the nature, architecture, culture and traditions of these places. The guests will visit the reconstructed Cossack farm and the Caucasian village, see the performances of fencers and Cossack dances. In the forge, you can watch the work of masters and join the old craft yourself. Fans of folk art will attend workshops on embroidery of traditional patterns, children will learn the basics of pottery.
In addition, visitors to the site on Novy Arbat will get acquainted with exciting folk amusements and games. Accessories, souvenirs and decor items will be presented in the trade pavilions. Farmers will bring products that the southern regions are famous for - cheeses, tea collections, halva and other sweets.